/*****************************************************************************
 * Copyright by The HDF Group.                                               *
 * Copyright by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.         *
 * All rights reserved.                                                      *
 *                                                                           *
 * This file is part of the HDF Java Products distribution.                  *
 * The full copyright notice, including terms governing use, modification,   *
 * and redistribution, is contained in the files COPYING and Copyright.html. *
 * COPYING can be found at the root of the source code distribution tree.    *
 * Or, see https://support.hdfgroup.org/products/licenses.html               *
 * If you do not have access to either file, you may request a copy from     *
 * help@hdfgroup.org.                                                        *
 ****************************************************************************/

package hdf.object;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * The abstract class provides general APIs to create and manipulate dataset
 * objects, and retrieve dataset properties, datatype and dimension sizes.
 * <p>
 * This class provides two convenient functions, read()/write(), to read/write
 * data values. Reading/writing data may take many library calls if we use the
 * library APIs directly. The read() and write functions hide all the details of
 * these calls from users.
 * <p>
 * For more details on dataset,
 * see <b> <a href="https://support.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/doc/UG/HDF5_Users_Guide-Responsive%20HTML5/index.html">HDF5 User's Guide</a> </b>
 * <p>
 *
 * @see hdf.object.ScalarDS
 * @see hdf.object.CompoundDS
 *
 * @version 1.1 9/4/2007
 * @author Peter X. Cao
 */
public abstract class Dataset extends HObject implements MetaDataContainer, DataFormat {
    private static final long serialVersionUID    = -3360885430038261178L;

    private static final org.slf4j.Logger log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(Dataset.class);

    /**
     * The memory buffer that holds the raw data array of the dataset.
     */
    protected transient Object          data;

    /**
     * The number of dimensions of the dataset.
     */
    protected int             rank;

    /**
     * The current dimension sizes of the dataset
     */
    protected long[]          dims;

    /**
     * The max dimension sizes of the dataset
     */
    protected long[]          maxDims;

    /**
     * Array that contains the number of data points selected (for read/write)
     * in each dimension.
     * <p>
     * The selected size must be less than or equal to the current dimension size.
     * A subset of a rectangle selection is defined by the starting position and
     * selected sizes.
     * <p>
     * For example, if a 4 X 5 dataset is as follows:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     0,  1,  2,  3,  4
     *    10, 11, 12, 13, 14
     *    20, 21, 22, 23, 24
     *    30, 31, 32, 33, 34
     * long[] dims = {4, 5};
     * long[] startDims = {1, 2};
     * long[] selectedDims = {3, 3};
     * then the following subset is selected by the startDims and selectedDims above:
     *     12, 13, 14
     *     22, 23, 24
     *     32, 33, 34
     * </pre>
     */
    protected long[]          selectedDims;

    /**
     * The starting position of each dimension of a selected subset. With both
     * the starting position and selected sizes, the subset of a rectangle
     * selection is fully defined.
     */
    protected long[]          startDims;

    /**
     * Array that contains the indices of the dimensions selected for display.
     * <p>
     * <B>selectedIndex[] is provided for two purposes:</B>
     * <OL>
     * <LI>
     * selectedIndex[] is used to indicate the order of dimensions for display,
     * i.e. selectedIndex[0] = row, selectedIndex[1] = column and
     * selectedIndex[2] = depth. For example, for a four dimension dataset, if
     * selectedIndex[] is {1, 2, 3}, then dim[1] is selected as row index,
     * dim[2] is selected as column index and dim[3] is selected as depth index.
     * <LI>
     * selectedIndex[] is also used to select dimensions for display for
     * datasets with three or more dimensions. We assume that applications such
     * as HDFView can only display data up to three dimensions (a 2D
     * spreadsheet/image with a third dimension that the 2D spreadsheet/image is
     * cut from). For datasets with more than three dimensions, we need
     * selectedIndex[] to store which three dimensions are chosen for display.
     * For example, for a four dimension dataset, if selectedIndex[] = {1, 2, 3},
     * then dim[1] is selected as row index, dim[2] is selected as column index
     * and dim[3] is selected as depth index. dim[0] is not selected. Its
     * location is fixed at 0 by default.
     * </OL>
     */
    protected final int[]     selectedIndex;

    /**
     * The number of elements to move from the start location in each dimension.
     * For example, if selectedStride[0] = 2, every other data point is selected
     * along dim[0].
     */
    protected long[]          selectedStride;

    /**
     * The array of dimension sizes for a chunk.
     */
    protected long[]          chunkSize;

    /** The compression information. */
    protected StringBuilder   compression;
    public static final String COMPRESSION_GZIP_TXT = "GZIP: level = ";

    /** The filters information. */
    protected StringBuilder   filters;

    /** The storage layout information. */
    protected StringBuilder   storageLayout;

    /** The storage information. */
    protected StringBuilder   storage;

    /** The datatype object of the dataset. */
    protected Datatype        datatype;

    /**
     * Array of strings that represent the dimension names. It is null if dimension names do not exist.
     */
    protected String[]        dimNames;

    /** Flag to indicate if the byte[] array is converted to strings */
    protected boolean         convertByteToString = true;

    /** Flag to indicate if data values are loaded into memory. */
    protected boolean         isDataLoaded        = false;

    /** Flag to indicate if this dataset has been initialized */
    protected boolean         inited = false;

    /** The number of data points in the memory buffer. */
    protected long            nPoints             = 1;

    /**
     * The data buffer that contains the raw data directly reading from file
     * (before any data conversion).
     */
    protected transient Object originalBuf = null;

    /**
     * The array that holds the converted data of unsigned C-type integers.
     * <p>
     * For example, Suppose that the original data is an array of unsigned
     * 16-bit short integers. Since Java does not support unsigned integer, the
     * data is converted to an array of 32-bit singed integer. In that case, the
     * converted buffer is the array of 32-bit singed integer.
     */
    protected transient Object convertedBuf = null;

    /**
     * Constructs a Dataset object with a given file, name and path.
     *
     * @param theFile
     *            the file that contains the dataset.
     * @param dsName
     *            the name of the Dataset, e.g. "dset1".
     * @param dsPath
     *            the full group path of this Dataset, e.g. "/arrays/".
     */
    public Dataset(FileFormat theFile, String dsName, String dsPath) {
        this(theFile, dsName, dsPath, null);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Not for public use in the future. <br>
     *             Using {@link #Dataset(FileFormat, String, String)}
     *
     * @param theFile
     *            the file that contains the dataset.
     * @param dsName
     *            the name of the Dataset, e.g. "dset1".
     * @param dsPath
     *            the full group path of this Dataset, e.g. "/arrays/".
     * @param oid
     *            the oid of this Dataset.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Dataset(FileFormat theFile, String dsName, String dsPath, long[] oid) {
        super(theFile, dsName, dsPath, oid);
        log.trace("Dataset: start {}", dsName);

        datatype = null;
        rank = -1;
        data = null;
        dims = null;
        maxDims = null;
        selectedDims = null;
        startDims = null;
        selectedStride = null;
        chunkSize = null;
        compression = new StringBuilder("NONE");
        filters = new StringBuilder("NONE");
        storageLayout = new StringBuilder("NONE");
        storage = new StringBuilder("NONE");
        dimNames = null;

        selectedIndex = new int[3];
        selectedIndex[0] = 0;
        selectedIndex[1] = 1;
        selectedIndex[2] = 2;
    }

    /**
     * Clears memory held by the dataset, such as the data buffer.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public void clear() {
        if (data != null) {
            if (data instanceof List) {
                ((List) data).clear();
            }
            data = null;
            originalBuf = null;
            convertedBuf = null;
        }
        isDataLoaded = false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the rank (number of dimensions) of the dataset.
     *
     * @return the number of dimensions of the dataset.
     */
    @Override
    public final int getRank() {
        if (!inited)
            init();

        return rank;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array that contains the dimension sizes of the dataset.
     *
     * @return the dimension sizes of the dataset.
     */
    @Override
    public final long[] getDims() {
        if (!inited)
            init();

        return dims;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array that contains the max dimension sizes of the dataset.
     *
     * @return the max dimension sizes of the dataset.
     */
    public final long[] getMaxDims() {
        if (!inited) init();

        if (maxDims == null) return dims;

        return maxDims;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the dimension sizes of the selected subset.
     * <p>
     * The SelectedDims is the number of data points of the selected subset.
     * Applications can use this array to change the size of selected subset.
     *
     * The selected size must be less than or equal to the current dimension size.
     * Combined with the starting position, selected sizes and stride, the
     * subset of a rectangle selection is fully defined.
     * <p>
     * For example, if a 4 X 5 dataset is as follows:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     0,  1,  2,  3,  4
     *    10, 11, 12, 13, 14
     *    20, 21, 22, 23, 24
     *    30, 31, 32, 33, 34
     * long[] dims = {4, 5};
     * long[] startDims = {1, 2};
     * long[] selectedDims = {3, 3};
     * long[] selectedStride = {1, 1};
     * then the following subset is selected by the startDims and selectedDims
     *     12, 13, 14
     *     22, 23, 24
     *     32, 33, 34
     * </pre>
     *
     * @return the dimension sizes of the selected subset.
     */
    @Override
    public final long[] getSelectedDims() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return selectedDims;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the starting position of a selected subset.
     * <p>
     * Applications can use this array to change the starting position of a
     * selection. Combined with the selected dimensions, selected sizes and
     * stride, the subset of a rectangle selection is fully defined.
     * <p>
     * For example, if a 4 X 5 dataset is as follows:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     0,  1,  2,  3,  4
     *    10, 11, 12, 13, 14
     *    20, 21, 22, 23, 24
     *    30, 31, 32, 33, 34
     * long[] dims = {4, 5};
     * long[] startDims = {1, 2};
     * long[] selectedDims = {3, 3};
     * long[] selectedStride = {1, 1};
     * then the following subset is selected by the startDims and selectedDims
     *     12, 13, 14
     *     22, 23, 24
     *     32, 33, 34
     * </pre>
     *
     * @return the starting position of a selected subset.
     */
    @Override
    public final long[] getStartDims() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return startDims;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the selectedStride of the selected dataset.
     * <p>
     * Applications can use this array to change how many elements to move in
     * each dimension.
     *
     * Combined with the starting position and selected sizes, the subset of a
     * rectangle selection is defined.
     * <p>
     * For example, if a 4 X 5 dataset is as follows:
     *
     * <pre>
     *     0,  1,  2,  3,  4
     *    10, 11, 12, 13, 14
     *    20, 21, 22, 23, 24
     *    30, 31, 32, 33, 34
     * long[] dims = {4, 5};
     * long[] startDims = {0, 0};
     * long[] selectedDims = {2, 2};
     * long[] selectedStride = {2, 3};
     * then the following subset is selected by the startDims and selectedDims
     *     0,   3
     *     20, 23
     * </pre>
     *
     * @return the selectedStride of the selected dataset.
     */
    @Override
    public final long[] getStride() {
        if (!inited) init();

        if (rank <= 0) {
            return null;
        }

        if (selectedStride == null) {
            selectedStride = new long[rank];
            for (int i = 0; i < rank; i++) {
                selectedStride[i] = 1;
            }
        }

        return selectedStride;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the flag that indicates if a byte array is converted to a string
     * array.
     * <p>
     * In a string dataset, the raw data from file is stored in a byte array. By
     * default, this byte array is converted to an array of strings. For a large
     * dataset (e.g. more than one million strings), the conversion takes a long
     * time and requires a lot of memory space to store the strings. In some
     * applications, such a conversion can be delayed. For example, A GUI
     * application may convert only the part of the strings that is visible to the
     * users, not the entire data array.
     * <p>
     * setConvertByteToString(boolean b) allows users to set the flag so that
     * applications can choose to perform the byte-to-string conversion or not.
     * If the flag is set to false, the getData() returns an array of byte
     * instead of an array of strings.
     *
     * @param b
     *            convert bytes to strings if b is true; otherwise, if false, do
     *            not convert bytes to strings.
     */
    public final void setConvertByteToString(boolean b) {
        convertByteToString = b;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the flag that indicates if a byte array is converted to a string
     * array.
     *
     * @return true if byte array is converted to string; otherwise, returns
     *         false if there is no conversion.
     */
    public final boolean getConvertByteToString() {
        return convertByteToString;
    }

    /**
     * Reads the raw data of the dataset from file to a byte array.
     * <p>
     * readBytes() reads raw data to an array of bytes instead of array of its
     * datatype. For example, for a one-dimension 32-bit integer dataset of
     * size 5, readBytes() returns a byte array of size 20 instead of an
     * int array of 5.
     * <p>
     * readBytes() can be used to copy data from one dataset to another
     * efficiently because the raw data is not converted to its native type, it
     * saves memory space and CPU time.
     *
     * @return the byte array of the raw data.
     *
     * @throws Exception if data can not be read
     */
    public abstract byte[] readBytes() throws Exception;

    /**
     * Writes the memory buffer of this dataset to file.
     *
     * @throws Exception if buffer can not be written
     */
    @Override
    public final void write() throws Exception {
        if (data != null) {
            write(data);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new dataset and writes the data buffer to the new dataset.
     * <p>
     * This function allows applications to create a new dataset for a given
     * data buffer. For example, users can select a specific interesting part
     * from a large image and create a new image with the selection.
     * <p>
     * The new dataset retains the datatype and dataset creation properties of
     * this dataset.
     *
     * @param pgroup
     *            the group which the dataset is copied to.
     * @param name
     *            the name of the new dataset.
     * @param dims
     *            the dimension sizes of the the new dataset.
     * @param data
     *            the data values of the subset to be copied.
     *
     * @return the new dataset.
     *
     * @throws Exception if dataset can not be copied
     */
    public abstract Dataset copy(Group pgroup, String name, long[] dims, Object data) throws Exception;

    @Override
    public final boolean isInited() {
        return inited;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the data buffer of the dataset in memory.
     * <p>
     * If data is already loaded into memory, returns the data; otherwise, calls
     * read() to read data from file into a memory buffer and returns the memory
     * buffer.
     * <p>
     * By default, the whole dataset is read into memory. Users can also select
     * a subset to read. Subsetting is done in an implicit way.
     * <p>
     * <b>How to Select a Subset</b>
     * <p>
     * A selection is specified by three arrays: start, stride and count.
     * <ol>
     * <li>start: offset of a selection
     * <li>stride: determines how many elements to move in each dimension
     * <li>count: number of elements to select in each dimension
     * </ol>
     * getStartDims(), getStride() and getSelectedDims() returns the start,
     * stride and count arrays respectively. Applications can make a selection
     * by changing the values of the arrays.
     * <p>
     * The following example shows how to make a subset. In the example, the
     * dataset is a 4-dimensional array of [200][100][50][10], i.e. dims[0]=200;
     * dims[1]=100; dims[2]=50; dims[3]=10; <br>
     * We want to select every other data point in dims[1] and dims[2]
     *
     * <pre>
     * int rank = dataset.getRank(); // number of dimensions of the dataset
     * long[] dims = dataset.getDims(); // the dimension sizes of the dataset
     * long[] selected = dataset.getSelectedDims(); // the selected size of the dataet
     * long[] start = dataset.getStartDims(); // the offset of the selection
     * long[] stride = dataset.getStride(); // the stride of the dataset
     * int[] selectedIndex = dataset.getSelectedIndex(); // the selected dimensions for display
     *
     * // select dim1 and dim2 as 2D data for display,and slice through dim0
     * selectedIndex[0] = 1;
     * selectedIndex[1] = 2;
     * selectedIndex[1] = 0;
     *
     * // reset the selection arrays
     * for (int i = 0; i &lt; rank; i++) {
     *     start[i] = 0;
     *     selected[i] = 1;
     *     stride[i] = 1;
     * }
     *
     * // set stride to 2 on dim1 and dim2 so that every other data point is
     * // selected.
     * stride[1] = 2;
     * stride[2] = 2;
     *
     * // set the selection size of dim1 and dim2
     * selected[1] = dims[1] / stride[1];
     * selected[2] = dims[1] / stride[2];
     *
     * // when dataset.getData() is called, the selection above will be used since
     * // the dimension arrays are passed by reference. Changes of these arrays
     * // outside the dataset object directly change the values of these array
     * // in the dataset object.
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * For ScalarDS, the memory data buffer is a one-dimensional array of byte,
     * short, int, float, double or String type based on the datatype of the
     * dataset.
     * <p>
     * For CompoundDS, the memory data object is an java.util.List object. Each
     * element of the list is a data array that corresponds to a compound field.
     * <p>
     * For example, if compound dataset "comp" has the following nested
     * structure, and member datatypes
     *
     * <pre>
     * comp --&gt; m01 (int)
     * comp --&gt; m02 (float)
     * comp --&gt; nest1 --&gt; m11 (char)
     * comp --&gt; nest1 --&gt; m12 (String)
     * comp --&gt; nest1 --&gt; nest2 --&gt; m21 (long)
     * comp --&gt; nest1 --&gt; nest2 --&gt; m22 (double)
     * </pre>
     *
     * getData() returns a list of six arrays: {int[], float[], char[],
     * String[], long[] and double[]}.
     *
     * @return the memory buffer of the dataset.
     *
     * @throws Exception if object can not be read
     * @throws OutOfMemoryError if memory is exhausted
     */
    @Override
    public final Object getData() throws Exception, OutOfMemoryError {
        if (!isDataLoaded) {
            data = read(); // load the data
            if (data != null) {
                originalBuf = data;
                isDataLoaded = true;
                nPoints = 1;
                log.trace("getData: selectedDims length={}",selectedDims.length);
                for (int j = 0; j < selectedDims.length; j++) {
                    nPoints *= selectedDims[j];
                }
            }
            log.trace("getData: read {}", nPoints);
        }

        return data;
    }

    /**
     * Not for public use in the future.
     * <p>
     * setData() is not safe to use because it changes memory buffer
     * of the dataset object. Dataset operations such as write/read
     * will fail if the buffer type or size is changed.
     *
     * @param d  the object data -must be an array of Objects
     */
    @Override
    public final void setData(Object d) {
        if (!(this instanceof Attribute))
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("setData: unsupported for non-Attribute objects");

        data = d;
    }

    /**
     * Clears the current data buffer in memory and forces the next read() to load
     * the data from file.
     * <p>
     * The function read() loads data from file into memory only if the data is
     * not read. If data is already in memory, read() just returns the memory
     * buffer. Sometimes we want to force read() to re-read data from file. For
     * example, when the selection is changed, we need to re-read the data.
     *
     * @see #getData()
     * @see #read()
     */
    @Override
    public void clearData() {
        isDataLoaded = false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the dimension size of the vertical axis.
     *
     * <p>
     * This function is used by GUI applications such as HDFView. GUI
     * applications display a dataset in a 2D table or 2D image. The display
     * order is specified by the index array of selectedIndex as follow:
     * <dl>
     * <dt>selectedIndex[0] -- height</dt>
     * <dd>The vertical axis</dd>
     * <dt>selectedIndex[1] -- width</dt>
     * <dd>The horizontal axis</dd>
     * <dt>selectedIndex[2] -- depth</dt>
     * <dd>The depth axis is used for 3 or more dimensional datasets.</dd>
     * </dl>
     * Applications can use getSelectedIndex() to access and change the display
     * order. For example, in a 2D dataset of 200x50 (dim0=200, dim1=50), the
     * following code will set the height=200 and width=50.
     *
     * <pre>
     * int[] selectedIndex = dataset.getSelectedIndex();
     * selectedIndex[0] = 0;
     * selectedIndex[1] = 1;
     * </pre>
     *
     * @see #getSelectedIndex()
     * @see #getWidth()
     *
     * @return the size of dimension of the vertical axis.
     */
    @Override
    public final long getHeight() {
        if (!inited) init();

        if ((selectedDims == null) || (selectedIndex == null)) {
            return 0;
        }

        return selectedDims[selectedIndex[0]];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the dimension size of the horizontal axis.
     *
     * <p>
     * This function is used by GUI applications such as HDFView. GUI
     * applications display a dataset in 2D Table or 2D Image. The display order is
     * specified by the index array of selectedIndex as follow:
     * <dl>
     * <dt>selectedIndex[0] -- height</dt>
     * <dd>The vertical axis</dd>
     * <dt>selectedIndex[1] -- width</dt>
     * <dd>The horizontal axis</dd>
     * <dt>selectedIndex[2] -- depth</dt>
     * <dd>The depth axis, which is used for 3 or more dimension datasets.</dd>
     * </dl>
     * Applications can use getSelectedIndex() to access and change the display
     * order. For example, in a 2D dataset of 200x50 (dim0=200, dim1=50), the
     * following code will set the height=200 and width=100.
     *
     * <pre>
     * int[] selectedIndex = dataset.getSelectedIndex();
     * selectedIndex[0] = 0;
     * selectedIndex[1] = 1;
     * </pre>
     *
     * @see #getSelectedIndex()
     * @see #getHeight()
     *
     * @return the size of dimension of the horizontal axis.
     */
    @Override
    public final long getWidth() {
        if (!inited) init();

        if ((selectedDims == null) || (selectedIndex == null)) {
            return 0;
        }

        if ((selectedDims.length < 2) || (selectedIndex.length < 2)) {
            return 1;
        }

        return selectedDims[selectedIndex[1]];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the indices of display order.
     * <p>
     *
     * selectedIndex[] is provided for two purposes:
     * <OL>
     * <LI>
     * selectedIndex[] is used to indicate the order of dimensions for display.
     * selectedIndex[0] is for the row, selectedIndex[1] is for the column and
     * selectedIndex[2] for the depth.
     * <p>
     * For example, for a four dimension dataset, if selectedIndex[] = {1, 2, 3},
     * then dim[1] is selected as row index, dim[2] is selected as column index
     * and dim[3] is selected as depth index.
     * <LI>
     * selectedIndex[] is also used to select dimensions for display for
     * datasets with three or more dimensions. We assume that applications such
     * as HDFView can only display data values up to three dimensions (2D
     * spreadsheet/image with a third dimension which the 2D spreadsheet/image
     * is selected from). For datasets with more than three dimensions, we need
     * selectedIndex[] to tell applications which three dimensions are chosen
     * for display. <br>
     * For example, for a four dimension dataset, if selectedIndex[] = {1, 2, 3},
     * then dim[1] is selected as row index, dim[2] is selected as column index
     * and dim[3] is selected as depth index. dim[0] is not selected. Its
     * location is fixed at 0 by default.
     * </OL>
     *
     * @return the array of the indices of display order.
     */
    @Override
    public final int[] getSelectedIndex() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return selectedIndex;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of compression information.
     * <p>
     * For example,
     * "SZIP: Pixels per block = 8: H5Z_FILTER_CONFIG_DECODE_ENABLED".
     *
     * @return the string representation of compression information.
     */
    @Override
    public final String getCompression() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return compression.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of filter information.
     *
     * @return the string representation of filter information.
     */
    public final String getFilters() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return filters.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of storage layout information.
     *
     * @return the string representation of storage layout information.
     */
    public final String getStorageLayout() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return storageLayout.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of storage information.
     *
     * @return the string representation of storage information.
     */
    public final String getStorage() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return storage.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array that contains the dimension sizes of the chunk of the
     * dataset. Returns null if the dataset is not chunked.
     *
     * @return the array of chunk sizes or returns null if the dataset is not
     *         chunked.
     */
    public final long[] getChunkSize() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return chunkSize;
    }

    @Override
    public Datatype getDatatype() {
        return datatype;
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Not for public use in the future. <br>
     *             Using {@link #convertFromUnsignedC(Object, Object)}
     *
     * @param dataIN  the object data
     *
     * @return the converted object
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static Object convertFromUnsignedC(Object dataIN) {
        return Dataset.convertFromUnsignedC(dataIN, null);
    }

    /**
     * Converts one-dimension array of unsigned C-type integers to a new array
     * of appropriate Java integer in memory.
     * <p>
     * Since Java does not support unsigned integer, values of unsigned C-type
     * integers must be converted into its appropriate Java integer. Otherwise,
     * the data value will not displayed correctly. For example, if an unsigned
     * C byte, x = 200, is stored into an Java byte y, y will be -56 instead of
     * the correct value of 200.
     * <p>
     * Unsigned C integers are upgrade to Java integers according to the
     * following table:
     *  <table border=1>
     * <caption><b>Mapping Unsigned C Integers to Java Integers</b></caption>
     * <TR>
     * <TD><B>Unsigned C Integer</B></TD>
     * <TD><B>JAVA Intege</B>r</TD>
     * </TR>
     * <TR>
     * <TD>unsigned byte</TD>
     * <TD>signed short</TD>
     * </TR>
     * <TR>
     * <TD>unsigned short</TD>
     * <TD>signed int</TD>
     * </TR>
     * <TR>
     * <TD>unsigned int</TD>
     * <TD>signed long</TD>
     * </TR>
     * <TR>
     * <TD>unsigned long</TD>
     * <TD>signed long</TD>
     * </TR>
     * </TABLE>
     * <strong>NOTE: this conversion cannot deal with unsigned 64-bit integers.
     * Therefore, the values of unsigned 64-bit datasets may be wrong in Java
     * applications</strong>.
     * <p>
     * If memory data of unsigned integers is converted by
     * convertFromUnsignedC(), convertToUnsignedC() must be called to convert
     * the data back to unsigned C before data is written into file.
     *
     * @see #convertToUnsignedC(Object, Object)
     *
     * @param dataIN
     *            the input 1D array of the unsigned C-type integers.
     * @param dataOUT
     *            the output converted (or upgraded) 1D array of Java integers.
     *
     * @return the upgraded 1D array of Java integers.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public static Object convertFromUnsignedC(Object dataIN, Object dataOUT) {
        if (dataIN == null) {
            log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): data_in is null");
            return null;
        }

        Class dataClass = dataIN.getClass();
        if (!dataClass.isArray()) {
            log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): data_in not an array");
            return null;
        }

        if (dataOUT != null) {
            Class dataClassOut = dataOUT.getClass();
            if (!dataClassOut.isArray() || (Array.getLength(dataIN) != Array.getLength(dataOUT))) {
                log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): data_out not an array or does not match data_in size");
                dataOUT = null;
            }
        }

        String cname = dataClass.getName();
        char dname = cname.charAt(cname.lastIndexOf('[') + 1);
        int size = Array.getLength(dataIN);
        log.trace("convertFromUnsignedC(): cname={} dname={} size={}", cname, dname, size);

        if (dname == 'B') {
            log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): Java convert byte to short");
            short[] sdata = null;
            if (dataOUT == null) {
                sdata = new short[size];
            }
            else {
                sdata = (short[]) dataOUT;
            }

            byte[] bdata = (byte[]) dataIN;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                sdata[i] = (short) ((bdata[i] + 256) & 0xFF);
            }

            dataOUT = sdata;
        }
        else if (dname == 'S') {
            log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): Java convert short to int");
            int[] idata = null;
            if (dataOUT == null) {
                idata = new int[size];
            }
            else {
                idata = (int[]) dataOUT;
            }

            short[] sdata = (short[]) dataIN;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                idata[i] = (sdata[i] + 65536) & 0xFFFF;
            }

            dataOUT = idata;
        }
        else if (dname == 'I') {
            log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): Java convert int to long");
            long[] ldata = null;
            if (dataOUT == null) {
                ldata = new long[size];
            }
            else {
                ldata = (long[]) dataOUT;
            }

            int[] idata = (int[]) dataIN;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                ldata[i] = (idata[i] + 4294967296L) & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
            }

            dataOUT = ldata;
        }
        else {
            dataOUT = dataIN;
            log.debug("convertFromUnsignedC(): Java does not support unsigned long");
        }

        return dataOUT;
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated Not for public use in the future. <br>
     *             Using {@link #convertToUnsignedC(Object, Object)}
     *
     * @param dataIN
     *            the input 1D array of the unsigned C-type integers.
     *
     * @return the upgraded 1D array of Java integers.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static Object convertToUnsignedC(Object dataIN) {
        return Dataset.convertToUnsignedC(dataIN, null);
    }

    /**
     * Converts the array of converted unsigned integers back to unsigned C-type
     * integer data in memory.
     * <p>
     * If memory data of unsigned integers is converted by
     * convertFromUnsignedC(), convertToUnsignedC() must be called to convert
     * the data back to unsigned C before data is written into file.
     *
     * @see #convertFromUnsignedC(Object, Object)
     *
     * @param dataIN
     *            the input array of the Java integer.
     * @param dataOUT
     *            the output array of the unsigned C-type integer.
     *
     * @return the converted data of unsigned C-type integer array.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public static Object convertToUnsignedC(Object dataIN, Object dataOUT) {
        if (dataIN == null) {
            log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): data_in is null");
            return null;
        }

        Class dataClass = dataIN.getClass();
        if (!dataClass.isArray()) {
            log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): data_in not an array");
            return null;
        }

        if (dataOUT != null) {
            Class dataClassOut = dataOUT.getClass();
            if (!dataClassOut.isArray() || (Array.getLength(dataIN) != Array.getLength(dataOUT))) {
                log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): data_out not an array or does not match data_in size");
                dataOUT = null;
            }
        }

        String cname = dataClass.getName();
        char dname = cname.charAt(cname.lastIndexOf('[') + 1);
        int size = Array.getLength(dataIN);
        log.trace("convertToUnsignedC(): cname={} dname={} size={}", cname, dname, size);

        if (dname == 'S') {
            log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): Java convert short to byte");
            byte[] bdata = null;
            if (dataOUT == null) {
                bdata = new byte[size];
            }
            else {
                bdata = (byte[]) dataOUT;
            }
            short[] sdata = (short[]) dataIN;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                bdata[i] = (byte) sdata[i];
            }
            dataOUT = bdata;
        }
        else if (dname == 'I') {
            log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): Java convert int to short");
            short[] sdata = null;
            if (dataOUT == null) {
                sdata = new short[size];
            }
            else {
                sdata = (short[]) dataOUT;
            }
            int[] idata = (int[]) dataIN;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                sdata[i] = (short) idata[i];
            }
            dataOUT = sdata;
        }
        else if (dname == 'J') {
            log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): Java convert long to int");
            int[] idata = null;
            if (dataOUT == null) {
                idata = new int[size];
            }
            else {
                idata = (int[]) dataOUT;
            }
            long[] ldata = (long[]) dataIN;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                idata[i] = (int) ldata[i];
            }
            dataOUT = idata;
        }
        else {
            dataOUT = dataIN;
            log.debug("convertToUnsignedC(): Java does not support unsigned long");
        }

        return dataOUT;
    }

    /**
     * Converts an array of bytes into an array of Strings for a fixed string
     * dataset.
     * <p>
     * A C-string is an array of chars while an Java String is an object. When a
     * string dataset is read into a Java application, the data is stored in an
     * array of Java bytes. byteToString() is used to convert the array of bytes
     * into an array of Java strings so that applications can display and modify
     * the data content.
     * <p>
     * For example, the content of a two element C string dataset is {"ABC",
     * "abc"}. Java applications will read the data into a byte array of {65,
     * 66, 67, 97, 98, 99). byteToString(bytes, 3) returns an array of Java
     * String of strs[0]="ABC", and strs[1]="abc".
     * <p>
     * If memory data of strings is converted to Java Strings, stringToByte()
     * must be called to convert the memory data back to byte array before data
     * is written to file.
     *
     * @see #stringToByte(String[], int)
     *
     * @param bytes
     *            the array of bytes to convert.
     * @param length
     *            the length of string.
     *
     * @return the array of Java String.
     */
    public static final String[] byteToString(byte[] bytes, int length) {
        if (bytes == null) {
            log.debug("byteToString(): input is null");
            return null;
        }

        int n = bytes.length / length;
        log.trace("byteToString(): n={} from length of {}", n, length);
        String[] strArray = new String[n];
        String str = null;
        int idx = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            str = new String(bytes, i * length, length);
            idx = str.indexOf('\0');
            if (idx >= 0) {
                str = str.substring(0, idx);
            }

            // trim only the end
            int end = str.length();
            while (end > 0 && str.charAt(end - 1) <= '\u0020')
                end--;

            strArray[i] = (end <= 0) ? "" : str.substring(0, end);
        }

        return strArray;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a string array into an array of bytes for a fixed string
     * dataset.
     * <p>
     * If memory data of strings is converted to Java Strings, stringToByte()
     * must be called to convert the memory data back to byte array before data
     * is written to file.
     *
     * @see #byteToString(byte[] bytes, int length)
     *
     * @param strings
     *            the array of string.
     * @param length
     *            the length of string.
     *
     * @return the array of bytes.
     */
    public static final byte[] stringToByte(String[] strings, int length) {
        if (strings == null) {
            log.debug("stringToByte(): input is null");
            return null;
        }

        int size = strings.length;
        byte[] bytes = new byte[size * length];
        log.trace("stringToByte(): size={} length={}", size, length);
        StringBuilder strBuff = new StringBuilder(length);
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            // initialize the string with spaces
            strBuff.replace(0, length, " ");

            if (strings[i] != null) {
                if (strings[i].length() > length) {
                    strings[i] = strings[i].substring(0, length);
                }
                strBuff.replace(0, length, strings[i]);
            }

            strBuff.setLength(length);
            System.arraycopy(strBuff.toString().getBytes(), 0, bytes, length * i, length);
        }

        return bytes;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array of strings that represent the dimension names. Returns
     * null if there is no dimension name.
     * <p>
     * Some datasets have pre-defined names for each dimension such as
     * "Latitude" and "Longitude". getDimNames() returns these pre-defined
     * names.
     *
     * @return the names of dimensions, or null if there is no dimension name.
     */
    public final String[] getDimNames() {
        if (!inited) init();

        return dimNames;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if a given datatype is a string. Sub-classes must replace this
     * default implementation.
     *
     * @param tid
     *            The data type identifier.
     *
     * @return true if the datatype is a string; otherwise returns false.
     */
    public boolean isString(long tid) {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the size in bytes of a given datatype. Sub-classes must replace
     * this default implementation.
     *
     * @param tid
     *            The data type identifier.
     *
     * @return The size of the datatype
     */
    public long getSize(long tid) {
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Get Class of the original data buffer if converted.
     *
     * @return the Class of originalBuf
     */
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    public final Class getOriginalClass() {
        return originalBuf.getClass();
    }

    /*
     * Checks if dataset is virtual. Sub-classes must replace
     * this default implementation.
     *
     * @return true if the dataset is virtual; otherwise returns false.
     */
    public boolean isVirtual() {
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * Gets the source file name at index if dataset is virtual. Sub-classes must replace
     * this default implementation.
     *
     * @return filename if the dataset is virtual; otherwise returns null.
     */
    public String getVirtualFilename(int index) {
        return null;
    }

    /*
     * Gets the number of source files if dataset is virtual. Sub-classes must replace
     * this default implementation.
     *
     * @return the list size if the dataset is virtual; otherwise returns negative.
     */
    public int getVirtualMaps() {
        return -1;
    }
}